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???????? ??????? ???? (??????: Coordinated Universal Time; ???????? UTC) ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???, ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? '??????? ???? ???????' ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????

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???? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????? (????????, CCIR , Comité consultatif international pour la radio) ??????? ?? ??? ???-???????? ? ????-????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ???????????? ????????? (Temps universel coordonné) ???? ????????????? ??? ????? ??????

?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????-??????????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? "???????? ????????? ????" (Stepped Atomic Time, SAT) ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????

???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????-????????????? ??????? ????-?????? ?????? (Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions, "???-???????? ? ????-????? ??????????") ?????? ??????????? (??????? ?? ITU-R TF.460-6) ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???, ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?.? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????

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• Allan, David W.; Ashby, Neil; Hodge, Clifford C. (????)? The Science of Timekeeping? Hewlett-Packard?{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) Application note.
• Allen, Steve (????a)? "UTC is doomed"? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Allen, Steve (????b)? "UTC might be redefined without Leap Seconds"? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Arias, E. F.; Guinot, B.; Quinn, T. J. (?? ?? ????)? Rotation of the Earth and Time scales (PDF)? ITU-R Special Rapporteur Group Colloquium on the UTC Time Scale?{{??????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• "Aviation Time"? AOPA's Path to Aviation? Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• "Bulletin C"? International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service? ? ????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Blair, Byron E., ??????? (????), Time and Frequency: Theory and Fundamentals (PDF), National Bureau of Standards, National Institute of Standards and Technology since 1988, ??. ??{{citation}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Chester, Geoff (?? ??? ????)? "Wait a second... 2015 will be a little longer"? CHIPS: The Department of the Navy's Information Technology Magazine? Department of the Navy? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Creet, Mario (????)? "Sandford Fleming and Universal Time"? Scientia Canadensis: Canadian Journal of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine? ?? (1–2): ??–??? ?????:10.7202/800302ar?{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Essen, L. (????)? "Time Scales" (PDF)? Metrologia? ? (4): ???–?? ??????:1968Metro...4..161E? ?????:10.1088/0026-1394/4/4/003? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Finkleman, David; Allen, Steve; Seago, John; Seaman, Rob; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (????)? "The Future of Time: UTC and the Leap Second"? American Scientist? ?? (July–August 2011): ???? ??????:1106.3141? ??????:2011arXiv1106.3141F? ?????:10.1511/2011.91.1?{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Guinot, Bernard (????? ????)? "Solar time, legal time, time in use"? Metrologia? ?? (4): S???–???? ??????:2011Metro..48S.181G? ?????:10.1088/0026-1394/48/4/S08?{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• "History of TAI-UTC"? Time Service Dept., U.S. Naval Observatory? c. ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Horzepa, Stan (?? ?????????? ????)? "Surfin': Time for Ham Radio"? American Radio Relay League? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Howse, Derek (????)? Greenwich Time and the Longitude? London: Philip Wilson? ???????? ?-?????-???-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• "How NTP Works"? NTP: The Network Time Protocol? ?? ????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) See heading "NTP Timescale and Data Formats".
• "IAU resolutions adopted at the XVIth General Assembly, Grenoble, France, 1976" (PDF)? ????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? (PDF) ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) Resolution no. 3 by Commissions 4 (Ephemerides/Ephémérides) and 31 (Time/L'Heure) (near the end of the document) "recommend that the following notations be used in all languages", UT0(i), UT1(i), UT2(i), UTC, UTC(i), UT, where (i) is institution "i".
• "Iceland"? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• International Bureau of Weights and Measures (?? ??????? ????)? "Circular T" (285)? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (?? ????? ????)? "IERS Bulletins"?{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Irvine, Chris (?? ???????? ????)? "Scientists propose 'leap hour' to fix time system"? The Telegraph? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• ITU Radiocommunication Assembly (????)? "Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions" (PDF)? International Telecommunications Union? ???????? ????? ? ????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Langley, Richard B. (?? ????????? ????)? "A Few Facts Concerning GMT, UT, and the RGO"? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• "Leap second decision is postponed"? BBC News? ?? ????????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Markowitz, W.; Hall, R.; Essen, L.; Parry, J. (????? ????)? "Frequency of caesium in terms of Ephemeris Time" (PDF)? Physical Review Letters? ? (3): ???–?? ??????:1958PhRvL...1..105M? ?????:10.1103/PhysRevLett.1.105? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Fleming, Sandford (????)? "Time-reckoning for the twentieth century"? Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution (1): ???–????{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) Reprinted in 1889: ????????? ???????? 'Time-reckoning for the twentieth century'
• Markowitz, Wm. (????)? "Comparisons of ET (Solar), ET (Lunar), UT and TDT"? Babcock, A. K.; Wilkins, G. A. (?????????)? The Earth's Rotation and Reference Frames for Geodesy and Geophysics: Proceedings of the 128th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, held in Coolfont, West Virginia, U.S.A., 20–24 October 1986? ???? ???? Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers? ??. ???–???? ??????:1988IAUS..128..413M? {{?? ???????}}: |????????= ??????? ??? ?????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• McCarthy, Dennis D. (????? ????)? "Astronomical Time" (PDF)? Proc. IEEE? ?? (7): ???–???? ?????:10.1109/5.84967?{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• McCarthy, Dennis D.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (????)? TIME From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics? Weinheim: Wiley VCH? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• McCarthy, D. (? ??? ????)? "Note on Coordinated Universal Time (CCTF/09-32)" (PDF)? ??. ?? ???????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• McCarthy, D.; Guinot, B. (????)? "Time"? Urban, Sean E.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (?????????)? Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (3rd ???????)? Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books?{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• "Military & Civilian Time Designations"? wwp? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ??? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (?? ????????? ????)? "Frequently asked questions (FAQ)"? ? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (?? ????? ????)? "Frequently asked questions (FAQ)"? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Nelson, G.K.; Lombardi, M.A.; Okayama, D.T. (????)? "NIST Time and Frequency Radio Stations: WWV, WWVH, and WWVB" (PDF)? National Institute of Standards and Technology? (Special Publication 250-67)? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? (PDF)?{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Nelson, Robert A.; McCarthy, Dennis D. (?? ?????????? ????)? Coordinated Universal Time (??????) and the Future of the Leap Second? Civil GPS Interface Committee? United States Coast Guard? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????{{??????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Nelson, Robert A.; McCarthy, Dennis D.; Malys, S.; Levine, J.; Guinot, B.; Fliegel, H. F.; Beard, R. L.; Bartholomew, T. R. (????)? "The leap second: its history and possible future" (PDF)? Metrologia? ?? (6): ???–???? ??????:2001Metro..38..509N? ?????:10.1088/0026-1394/38/6/6?{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Seago, John H. (????? ????)? "Time scales, their users, and leap seconds"? Metrologia? ?? (4): S??? – S???? ??????:2011Metro..48S.186S? ?????:10.1088/0026-1394/48/4/S09? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Seaman, Rob (????)? "A Proposal to Upgrade UTC"? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Seidelmann, P Kenneth, ??????? (????)? Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (2nd ???????)? Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books? ???????? ?-??????-??-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Stephenson, F. R.; Morrison, L. V. (????)? "Long-term fluctuations in the Earth's rotation: 700 BC to AD 1990"? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A? ??? (1695): ???–???? ??????:1995RSPTA.351..165S? ?????:10.1098/rsta.1995.0028? ????????? 120718607?{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• "Standard time"? U.S. Code? Legal Information Institute? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) Title 15, Chapter 6, Subchapter IX.
• "TF.460-4: Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions" (PDF)? International Telecommunication Union? ????? Annex I?{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• "Time"? International Bureau of Weights and Measures? n.d.? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• United States Naval Observatory? "Universal Time"? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• "Universal Time"? Oxford Dictionaries: British and World English? Oxford University Press? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
• Williams, Jack (?? ?? ????)? "Understanding and using Zulu time"? USA Today? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

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• Bureau International des Poids et Mesures UTC/????? ???? ???????